If you’re talking about 1000+ active clients I would go for a tcp/udp lb with multiple (open)vpn backends. Don’t make the servers too big; 100-200 active users or so. Just deploy as many backend servers as you need or scale them (dynamically) up/down. Just make sure you automate your deployments properly (Puppet, Chef, Ansible, etc) I ...If you’re talking about 1000+ active clients I would go for a tcp/udp lb with multiple (open)vpn backends. Don’t make the servers too big; 100-200 active users or so. Just deploy as many backend servers as you need or scale them (dynamically) up/down. Just make sure you automate your deployments properly (Puppet, Chef, Ansible, etc) I ...Mar 4, 2020 · The easiest way to configure client settings is to use the openvpn-client-export package we installed earlier. Go to VPN > OpenVPN > Client Export. At the bottom of this there is a section called OpenVPN Clients. In this section you will see a list of available users whose configuration we can export. Granting Users Access to SSH. Enable SSH via GUI; SSH Keys; Enable SSH via Console; SSH Daemon Security; User Access; SCP File Transfers; Configuring Switches with VLANs; Using the Shaper Wizard to Configure ALTQ Traffic Shaping; Configuring CoDel Limiters for Bufferbloat; Copy Files to a USB Drive; Virtualizing pfSense Software with VMware ...Jul 13, 2023 · FreeBSD allows multiple users to use the computer at the same time. While only one user can sit in front of the screen and use the keyboard at any one time, any number of users can log in to the system through the network. To use the system, each user should have their own user account. This chapter describes: I wanted to rename the main "admin" account to avoid easy login guesses. The default account cannot be renamed within pfsense so I created a new account in user manager, gave it the same group membership as the existing one (member of "admins") and disabled the existing "admin".User Management. There are two types of users: local users: administration (creation, modification, deletion) is performed locally on pfSense; external users: these users are authenticated by an authentication server (LDAP, Active Directory, …). Users can be included in one or more groups. Rights are given either to the user directly or to ...Jul 1, 2022 · Granting Users Access to SSH. Enable SSH via GUI; SSH Keys; Enable SSH via Console; SSH Daemon Security; User Access; SCP File Transfers; Configuring Switches with VLANs; Using the Shaper Wizard to Configure ALTQ Traffic Shaping; Configuring CoDel Limiters for Bufferbloat; Copy Files to a USB Drive; Virtualizing pfSense Software with VMware ... In this article. This topic for the IT professional describes access control in Windows, which is the process of authorizing users, groups, and computers to access objects on the network or computer. Key concepts that make up access control are permissions, ownership of objects, inheritance of permissions, user rights, and object auditing.Save the user. Edit the sudo config (System / sudo) Add User: testuser with Run As User: root, Check No Password, preferably, enter the allowed command list, or ALL. To test: ssh testuser @pfSense - you should not be prompted for a password since you will be using public key login.pfsense-user is the name of the authentik Service account we'll create. DC=ldap,DC=goauthentik,DC=io is the Base DN of the LDAP Provider (default) Step 1 - Service account In authentik, create a service account (under Directory/Users) for pfSense to use as the LDAP Binder and take note of the password generated.Directory traversal vulnerability in pfSense-pkg-WireGuard pfSense-pkg-WireGuard 0.1.5 versions prior to 0.1.5_4 and pfSense-pkg-WireGuard 0.1.6 versions prior to 0.1.6_1 allows a remote authenticated attacker to lead a pfSense user to view a file outside the public folder. CVE-2021-41282: diag_routes.php in pfSense 2.5.2 allows sed data injection.Step 4: Create a User and give them Permissions. Step 4 of our pfSense Road Warrior configuration for IPSec is to create a user and give them permissions to connect. It is highly recommended that you do not use your pfSense admin account for this connection, as it would be a huge security risk should the account be compromised later on.Jul 1, 2022 · This section covers Squid for caching web pages and related tasks, SquidGuard for filtering and controlling access to web content, and Lightsquid for reporting user activity based on the Squid access logs. This discussion assumes the firewall running pfSense® software has a simple single LAN and single WAN configuration. Netgate ® virtual appliances with pfSense ® Plus software extend your applications and connectivity to authorized users everywhere, through Amazon AWS and Microsoft Azure cloud services. Network your employees, partners, customers, and other parties to share resources in site-to-cloud, cloud-to-cloud, and virtual private cloud (VPC) connectivity.Setup up a Certificate. Run the OPEN VPN Wizard. Open Your Firewall ports and setup your routing properly. STEP 1. Create a OPENVPN User. I would highly recommend using something separate from the ...Firewall Rules¶. First add a rule to pass external WireGuard traffic on the WAN: Navigate to Firewall > Rules, WAN tab. Click Add to add a new rule to the top of the list. Use the following settings:Users familiar with commercial firewalls catch on to the web interface quickly, though there can be a learning curve for users not familiar with commercial-grade firewalls. Deployment Selection Hardware. Unlike most common commercial firewalls offerings, the pfSense project is just the software portion of the firewall.In this lab, your task is to: Access the pfSense management console: Username: admin Password: P@ssw0rd (zero) Create a firewall alias using the following specifications: Name: HighBW Description: High bandwidth users Assign the IP addresses of the high-bandwidth users to the alias: Vera's IP address: 172.14.1.25 Paul's IP address: 172.14.1.100 ... The description could be expanded to indicate it does not grant the same permissions as admin/root. An additional permission for "shell+sudo" access would bridge the gap, not break existing users, and if presented next to the other options, would make it even more clear to the user that the other shell permission lacks such access. Actions #6.User Management and Authentication. Default Username and Password; Privileges; Manage Local Users; Manage Local Groups. Groups and Remote Authentication; Creating and Editing Groups; Group Settings; Authentication Servers; Settings; Logging Out of the GUI; User Manager Support; Certificate Management; Firewall; Network Address Translation ...May 11, 2023 · In this article. This topic for the IT professional describes access control in Windows, which is the process of authorizing users, groups, and computers to access objects on the network or computer. Key concepts that make up access control are permissions, ownership of objects, inheritance of permissions, user rights, and object auditing. Jul 1, 2022 · This section covers Squid for caching web pages and related tasks, SquidGuard for filtering and controlling access to web content, and Lightsquid for reporting user activity based on the Squid access logs. This discussion assumes the firewall running pfSense® software has a simple single LAN and single WAN configuration. Save the user. Edit the sudo config (System / sudo) Add User: testuser with Run As User: root, Check No Password, preferably, enter the allowed command list, or ALL. To test: ssh testuser @pfSense - you should not be prompted for a password since you will be using public key login.Rod-IT. Are you using old hardware - i see no reason your pfsense isn't updating other than unsupported hardware. Squid needs to be downloaded and configured before you pass any traffic through it. if you only want to log HTTP then that's all you need to do, if you want to capture HTTPS too then you need to configure a MITM certificate ...If you’re talking about 1000+ active clients I would go for a tcp/udp lb with multiple (open)vpn backends. Don’t make the servers too big; 100-200 active users or so. Just deploy as many backend servers as you need or scale them (dynamically) up/down. Just make sure you automate your deployments properly (Puppet, Chef, Ansible, etc) I ...Apr 19, 2017 · User based Firewall rules. I am new to PFsense and coming from a Sophos UTM background. In sophos and many other firewalls, there are ways to make firewall rules based on users, instead of MAC or IP addresses. So, is there a way to do this in Pfsense. I plan on creating the users locally inside Pfsense. and plan using the Pfsense captive portal. Most of the privileges are self-explanatory based on their names, but a few notable permissions are: WebCfg - All Pages. Grants the user access to any page in the GUI. WebCfg - Dashboard (all) Grants the user access to the dashboard page and all of its associated functions (widgets, graphs, etc.) WebCfg - System: User Password Manager PageGrafana Dashboard using Telegraf with additional plugins. I want to share the Grafana dashboard I've been building. It utilizes pfSense with the Telegraf package. I've been using github to track all of my changes and manage the plugins. The dashboard is build using variables so there should be no need to adjust any of the queries for your system.Mar 31, 2023 · They also provide a range of security hardening features, such as enabling secure connections, configuring advanced firewall settings, and managing user permissions. Community Support and Documentation. Both pfSense and OPNsense have active communities and extensive documentation, ensuring users can access resources and support when needed. Learn how to configure PFSense LDAP authentication on Active directory. Our tutorial will teach you all the steps required to integrate your domain.Jul 6, 2022 · Most of the privileges are self-explanatory based on their names, but a few notable permissions are: WebCfg - All Pages. Grants the user access to any page in the GUI. WebCfg - Dashboard (all) Grants the user access to the dashboard page and all of its associated functions (widgets, graphs, etc.) WebCfg - System: User Password Manager Page Learn how to configure the PFSense Active Directory Authentication feature using LDAP over SSL for an encrypted connection.Jan 16, 2022 · That is the user has now two client configs to export However, when connecting 2 clients with the two different profiles, the second connection is accepted, but the first connection will be broken. This seems the better way to to go, that is the option to allow one connection per user should be one connection per certificate 6- Adding the VPN User. 1- Install and configure CA (Certificate Authority). The first step in the process, which is Install and Configure CA (Certificate Authority) is to navigate to the Cert. Manager in the System section. Then you will be presented with a dashboard. Click on +Add to create a new one certificate authority in CAs tab.By default deny access to UPnP & NAT-PMP: checked (This is so only my PS3 and PS4 can use UPnP on my network.) User specified permissions 1: allow 88-65535 10.69.69.50/32 88-65535. User specified permissions 2: allow 88-65535 10.69.69.51/32 88-65535. Click change.pfSense Mobile VPN or another suitable description. Server. The address of the server. Account. The username for this xauth user. Password. The password for this xauth user (or leave blank to be prompted every time) Group Name. The identifier set in phase 1 (e.g. [email protected]). Secret. The value of the pre-shared key from the mobile ...Click on VPN > OpenVPN. The best and easy method is to use the wizard, hence click on Wizard tab under OpenVPN Servers. 4. PfSense OpenVPN authentication Type. Remember we have created the local users in step1, we are going to use that as the authentication source in the pfSense OpenVPN configuration. You SSH into the machine, run "sudo -i" or "sudo /etc/rc.initial" and are good to go - if you need it at all. In general most users only use ssh if they need console style action like grepping logs or tcpdump manually etc. so they would exit the "menu" anyway. For those that really want to use the menu, we did a quick alias for what they like. I wanted to rename the main "admin" account to avoid easy login guesses. The default account cannot be renamed within pfsense so I created a new account in user manager, gave it the same group membership as the existing one (member of "admins") and disabled the existing "admin".This recipe describes the procedure to setup OpenVPN on pfSense® software with user authentication handled via RADIUS on an Active Directory server. Setup the Windows Server ¶ Setup the Windows Server for an Active Directory roleWhat you have to do next, is transfering this file, access.log (in fact access.0.log, because access.log is always in use) to your remote server, either by using FTP or SCP ; script this in a file, then use CRON (it's available in Pfsense's package, as well as a GUI for CRON) to run your FTP/SCP script every day or every week, depending on how ...On FreeBSD, su requires that the user be a member of the wheel group. But there isn't a way to put a GUI user into the wheel group, so you have to use sudo instead. You could work around that by manually editing the groups file in the OS or hacking on /etc/pam.d/su to use the admins group instead, but why bother? The changes would be wiped out ...You SSH into the machine, run "sudo -i" or "sudo /etc/rc.initial" and are good to go - if you need it at all. In general most users only use ssh if they need console style action like grepping logs or tcpdump manually etc. so they would exit the "menu" anyway. For those that really want to use the menu, we did a quick alias for what they like.I can authenticate AD user by using the authentication users in the Diagnostic menu. I created a user certificate for each user. I installed the Openvpn user export package. When I go to the openvpn Client export tab its not showing any users besides the default "Autentication only (no cert). This is on pfSense 2.2.2. i have this working fine ...Learn how to configure the PFSense Active Directory Authentication feature using LDAP over SSL for an encrypted connection.User Management and Authentication. Default Username and Password; Privileges; Manage Local Users; Manage Local Groups; Authentication Servers; Settings; Logging Out of the GUI; User Manager Support; Certificate Management; Firewall; Network Address Translation; Routing; Bridging; Virtual LANs (VLANs) Multiple WAN Connections; Virtual Private ...It's for Captive Portal and I have about 10 locations with anywhere from 30 to 200 users. I don't have any other servers, just providing WiFi. I know I can use radius but prefer the simplicity of the built in solution. Apr 29, 2015 · I can authenticate AD user by using the authentication users in the Diagnostic menu. I created a user certificate for each user. I installed the Openvpn user export package. When I go to the openvpn Client export tab its not showing any users besides the default "Autentication only (no cert). This is on pfSense 2.2.2. i have this working fine ... The description could be expanded to indicate it does not grant the same permissions as admin/root. An additional permission for "shell+sudo" access would bridge the gap, not break existing users, and if presented next to the other options, would make it even more clear to the user that the other shell permission lacks such access. Actions #6.Feb 24, 2023 · @zululander Set your DHCP server settings in pfSense to have the clients use the Adguard DNS server IP. Only Adguard, not Adguard and pfSense IP. Then set the DNS server for pfSense to do it's own lookups or forward to Quad9 or whatever your preferred service is. That's what pfSense will use for itself and you don't want that Adguard filtered. Nov 21, 2018 · On FreeBSD, su requires that the user be a member of the wheel group. But there isn't a way to put a GUI user into the wheel group, so you have to use sudo instead. You could work around that by manually editing the groups file in the OS or hacking on /etc/pam.d/su to use the admins group instead, but why bother? The changes would be wiped out ... pfSense Documentation ¶. pfSense Documentation. Thoroughly detailed information and continually updated instructions on how to best operate pfSense® software. PDF Version ePub Version. Preface. Introduction. Releases. Product Manuals. Networking Concepts.In the pfSense web interface, navigate to: Status / System Logs / Settings. Near the bottom of the page, there is a section titled Remote Logging options. One option for remote syslog contents is Captive Portal Events. I can't say if these events include user logins. Try it.Go to “System” -> “User Manager.”. Click on “Add” to create a new user. Username: Enter a username. Password: Set a complex password. Full name: Enter the user’s name. Group membership: Since we want this user to be part of the admin group, click “Move to ‘Member of'” to add the user to the admins group. Jun 16, 2022 · pfSense Mobile VPN or another suitable description. Server. The address of the server. Account. The username for this xauth user. Password. The password for this xauth user (or leave blank to be prompted every time) Group Name. The identifier set in phase 1 (e.g. [email protected]). Secret. The value of the pre-shared key from the mobile ... Mar 4, 2020 · The easiest way to configure client settings is to use the openvpn-client-export package we installed earlier. Go to VPN > OpenVPN > Client Export. At the bottom of this there is a section called OpenVPN Clients. In this section you will see a list of available users whose configuration we can export. This is how you can set up local users on pfSense with different permissions. However, managing users this way becomes challenging as the pfSense management team grows. It requires manual addition and removal of users, which may lead to security issues if users are not promptly removed.It's for Captive Portal and I have about 10 locations with anywhere from 30 to 200 users. I don't have any other servers, just providing WiFi. I know I can use radius but prefer the simplicity of the built in solution. All users and groups in the chain are in scope of the Authentication containers. User naming attribute = samAccountName Group naming attribute = cn Group member attribute = memberOf "pfSense-groupname" is a Group name in pfSense system/user manager/groups section with permissions assigned.Users familiar with commercial firewalls catch on to the web interface quickly, though there can be a learning curve for users not familiar with commercial-grade firewalls. Deployment Selection Hardware. Unlike most common commercial firewalls offerings, the pfSense project is just the software portion of the firewall.Attention Pfsense users: We recently were in touch with the package maintainer for Snort on pfsense, to which he was so kind to update the "Rules Update Start Time" to be random on install in version v3.2.9.10_3. For more information about this update, please check out Bill's forum post here.Mar 31, 2023 · They also provide a range of security hardening features, such as enabling secure connections, configuring advanced firewall settings, and managing user permissions. Community Support and Documentation. Both pfSense and OPNsense have active communities and extensive documentation, ensuring users can access resources and support when needed. Basically, I am looking into a relatively inexpensive hardware option to run PFSense for about 150 users. Currently I am looking into one of the two below options: Zotax ZBOX. Or alternatively one of the many QOTOM mini PCs available. Most networks are setup only with Printer, Access Points and a maximum of 10 desktop computers patched directly ...The first step is to create a new connection in the Authentication Server section. Click “System”-“User Manager”, then go to the “Authentication Servers”. Click the “Add” button to add a new one with the following. Here you need to use the “<secret_for_pfsense>” you specified while configuring the Duo proxy.I wanted to rename the main "admin" account to avoid easy login guesses. The default account cannot be renamed within pfsense so I created a new account in user manager, gave it the same group membership as the existing one (member of "admins") and disabled the existing "admin".Step 6 - Adding FreeRADIUS as an Authentication Source. The final step will be to add FreeRADIUS as an authentication source in pfSense Plus. To do that, navigate to System > User Manager, click on the Authentication Servers tab, and click Add. Fill out the form like this, and remember to set the Protocol to PAP:This depend on what kind of user you are referring to. If you mean network level users (like provided by a local 802.1x, radius, ldap, or other locally administered authentication system) then yes, it can be done with a firewall like pfsense. If you mean application level (Facebook, Youtube, Gmail, etc.) ) users, basically this is not possible ...distribute equitably 10 Mbps of bandwidth between all the users of the “LAN” network; limit the bandwidth of the “OPT” network to a total of 5 Mbps; limit the bandwidth of the FTP protocol to 2 Mbps. Limiters allow to define a maximum bandwidth for a usage. At the opposite, traffic shaping (like CBQ) allows to guarantee a minimum bandwidth.In your OpenVPN Server config - I'm assuming you've selected the type (Something + User Auth) So a valid user is required. That does not depend on groups. Any valid account (by default, local account) will work. IF you have selected "Strict User-CN Matching" in the server config, then the CN on the user certificate needs to match the username ...Jun 21, 2022 · The User Manager in pfSense® software provides the ability to create and manage multiple user accounts. These accounts can be used to access the GUI, use VPN services like IPsec and OpenVPN, and use the Captive Portal. The User Manager is located at System > User Manager. Nov 21, 2018 · On FreeBSD, su requires that the user be a member of the wheel group. But there isn't a way to put a GUI user into the wheel group, so you have to use sudo instead. You could work around that by manually editing the groups file in the OS or hacking on /etc/pam.d/su to use the admins group instead, but why bother? The changes would be wiped out ... Basically, I am looking into a relatively inexpensive hardware option to run PFSense for about 150 users. Currently I am looking into one of the two below options: Zotax ZBOX. Or alternatively one of the many QOTOM mini PCs available. Most networks are setup only with Printer, Access Points and a maximum of 10 desktop computers patched directly ... Checkout this forum - like : you do the searching - and you will find pfSense admins talking about their setup, handling several thousands of connected users. Example : if 100 (not 1000) clients open a Netflix session, your true 1 Gbit WAN connection will look like scrawling in a mud pool.pfSense Plus and TNSR software. 100% focused on secure networking. Available as appliance, bare metal / virtual machine software, and cloud software options. Made stronger by a battery of TAC support subscription options, professional services, and training services.May 24, 2023 · Select a username and password, then select click to create a user certificate. Give the certificate a name (generally, Username + OpenVPN Certificate) and ensure that the OpenVPN_CA that we created earlier is selected. Leave the rest as default and save. 3. OpenVPN Client Configuration for OpenVPN on pfSense. I have all the default blocks logging, 94% of which is pass (out) events according to the summary. Click to expand... I've been using pfSense for approximately 6 months. 1. No logs for CaptivePortAuth, IPsec, PPP, VPN, Load Balancer. No Wireless log because Ubiquit AP hasn't been installed. 2.Setup up a Certificate. Run the OPEN VPN Wizard. Open Your Firewall ports and setup your routing properly. STEP 1. Create a OPENVPN User. I would highly recommend using something separate from the ...Most of the privileges are self-explanatory based on their names, but a few notable permissions are: WebCfg - All Pages. Grants the user access to any page in the GUI. WebCfg - Dashboard (all) Grants the user access to the dashboard page and all of its associated functions (widgets, graphs, etc.) WebCfg - System: User Password Manager Page
In your OpenVPN Server config - I'm assuming you've selected the type (Something + User Auth) So a valid user is required. That does not depend on groups. Any valid account (by default, local account) will work. IF you have selected "Strict User-CN Matching" in the server config, then the CN on the user certificate needs to match the username .... Lacrosse
pfSense. Has anyone managed to run OPENVPN client without local admin rights?? We have been using openvpn setup for a while for our users but when a user runs the program as a normal user, the program runs fine but the user cannot browse remote network. When the user runs it as administrator it works. For that, he will need local admin rights ...Netgate ® virtual appliances with pfSense ® Plus software extend your applications and connectivity to authorized users everywhere, through Amazon AWS and Microsoft Azure cloud services. Network your employees, partners, customers, and other parties to share resources in site-to-cloud, cloud-to-cloud, and virtual private cloud (VPC) connectivity. Sep 17, 2011 · Give a static ip to certain mac address and block that ip-address. I have setup a dhcp reservation on the router for the same purpose. Both these methods have a drawback though, it is that if the user has admin rights on his computer he can assign the computer another static ip and bypass the blocked ip. For this reason it would be great to be ... Jul 1, 2022 · Granting Users Access to SSH. Enable SSH via GUI; SSH Keys; Enable SSH via Console; SSH Daemon Security; User Access; SCP File Transfers; Configuring Switches with VLANs; Using the Shaper Wizard to Configure ALTQ Traffic Shaping; Configuring CoDel Limiters for Bufferbloat; Copy Files to a USB Drive; Virtualizing pfSense Software with VMware ... All users and groups in the chain are in scope of the Authentication containers. User naming attribute = samAccountName Group naming attribute = cn Group member attribute = memberOf "pfSense-groupname" is a Group name in pfSense system/user manager/groups section with permissions assigned.You SSH into the machine, run "sudo -i" or "sudo /etc/rc.initial" and are good to go - if you need it at all. In general most users only use ssh if they need console style action like grepping logs or tcpdump manually etc. so they would exit the "menu" anyway. For those that really want to use the menu, we did a quick alias for what they like.May 1, 2023 · Firewall Rules¶. First add a rule to pass external WireGuard traffic on the WAN: Navigate to Firewall > Rules, WAN tab. Click Add to add a new rule to the top of the list. Use the following settings: I wanted to rename the main "admin" account to avoid easy login guesses. The default account cannot be renamed within pfsense so I created a new account in user manager, gave it the same group membership as the existing one (member of "admins") and disabled the existing "admin".Nov 24, 2021 · This recipe describes the procedure to setup OpenVPN on pfSense® software with user authentication handled via RADIUS on an Active Directory server. Setup the Windows Server ¶ Setup the Windows Server for an Active Directory role The first step is to create a new connection in the Authentication Server section. Click “System”-“User Manager”, then go to the “Authentication Servers”. Click the “Add” button to add a new one with the following. Here you need to use the “<secret_for_pfsense>” you specified while configuring the Duo proxy.Jun 16, 2022 · Configure OpenVPN to use RADIUS¶. Navigate to VPN > OpenVPN, Servers tab. Edit the existing remote access OpenVPN server. Set the Mode to either Remote Access (User Auth) or Remote Access (SSL/TLS + User Auth) if it is not already set to one or the other. Jun 21, 2022 · The User Manager in pfSense® software provides the ability to create and manage multiple user accounts. These accounts can be used to access the GUI, use VPN services like IPsec and OpenVPN, and use the Captive Portal. The User Manager is located at System > User Manager. May 28, 2014, 9:11 PM. There are a number of packages to show various connection statistics. If you're trying to view the information using only the default installation, then Menu; "Diagnostics"; "States" will show you the active translations. (You could put the LAN_IP in the filter field.) Additionally, Menu "Diagnostics"; "pfTop" will show ...Jul 1, 2022 · This indicates that the user supplied an invalid username or password. “The Network Access Permission setting in the dial-in properties of the user account in Active Directory is set to Deny access to the user.” Indicates that the user account is set to deny access or the network policies in NPS do not allow access for that user. Apr 29, 2015 · I can authenticate AD user by using the authentication users in the Diagnostic menu. I created a user certificate for each user. I installed the Openvpn user export package. When I go to the openvpn Client export tab its not showing any users besides the default "Autentication only (no cert). This is on pfSense 2.2.2. i have this working fine ... Jun 21, 2022 · The User Manager in pfSense® software provides the ability to create and manage multiple user accounts. These accounts can be used to access the GUI, use VPN services like IPsec and OpenVPN, and use the Captive Portal. The User Manager is located at System > User Manager. distribute equitably 10 Mbps of bandwidth between all the users of the “LAN” network; limit the bandwidth of the “OPT” network to a total of 5 Mbps; limit the bandwidth of the FTP protocol to 2 Mbps. Limiters allow to define a maximum bandwidth for a usage. At the opposite, traffic shaping (like CBQ) allows to guarantee a minimum bandwidth..
